ABSTRACT
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry [...].
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery/methods , Animals , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Humans , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) represented, in the past ten years, an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents that could be useful for cancer and autoimmune disorders. To date, five compounds, able to block BTK in an irreversible manner, have been launched in the market, whereas many reversible BTK inhibitors (BTKIs), with reduced side effects that are more useful for long-term administration in autoimmune disorders, are under clinical investigation. Despite the presence in the literature of many articles and reviews, studies on BTK function and BTKIs are of great interest for pharmaceutical companies as well as academia. This review is focused on compounds that have appeared in the literature from 2017 that are able to block BTK in an irreversible or reversible manner; also, new promising tunable irreversible inhibitors, as well as PROTAC molecules, have been reported. This summary could improve the knowledge of the chemical diversity of BTKIs and provide information for future studies, particularly from the medicinal chemistry point of view. Data reported here are collected from different databases (Scifinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Pubmed) using "BTK" and "BTK inhibitors" as keywords.
Subject(s)
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/chemistry , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/classification , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
In the past few years, Bruton's tyrosine Kinase (Btk) has emerged as new target in medicinal chemistry. Since approval of ibrutinib in 2013 for treatment of different hematological cancers (as leukemias and lymphomas), two other irreversible Btk inhibitors have been launched on the market. In the attempt to overcome irreversible Btk inhibitor limitations, reversible compounds have been developed and are currently under evaluation. In recent years, many Btk inhibitors have been patented and reported in the literature. In this review, we summarized the (ir)reversible Btk inhibitors recently developed and studied clinical trials and preclinical investigations for malignancies, chronic inflammation conditions and SARS-CoV-2 infection, covering advances in the field of medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, the nanoformulations studied to increase ibrutinib bioavailability are reported.
Subject(s)
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Adenine/administration & dosage , Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Humans , Inflammation/drug therapy , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Piperidines/administration & dosage , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is an important application in modern cancer therapy. In comparison with conventional drug formulations, nanoparticles ensure better penetration into the tumor mass by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect, longer blood circulation times by a reduced renal excretion and a decrease in side effects and drug accumulation in healthy tissues. The most significant classes of nanoparticles (i.e., liposomes, inorganic and organic nanoparticles) are here discussed with a particular focus on their use as delivery systems for small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). A number of these new compounds (e.g., Imatinib, Dasatinib, Ponatinib) have been approved as first-line therapy in different cancer types but their clinical use is limited by poor solubility and oral bioavailability. Consequently, new nanoparticle systems are necessary to ameliorate formulations and reduce toxicity. In this review, some of the most important TKIs are reported, focusing on ongoing clinical studies, and the recent drug delivery systems for these molecules are investigated.